For the event at Westminster Abbey on 4th October 2014 please click here.
2014 Scott Holland Lectures: Exploring Conflict in a Europe of Nations
This symposium will have three inputs, allowing time for short comments and questions between each of them. A more extended discussion will take place at the end. Please do get in touch if you are interested in taking part in the day. Places can be booked by emailing: brutuszgreen@gmail.com
Professor emeritus Hugh McLeod from the University of Birmingham will examine the roots of conflict in nineteenth century nationalism;
Professor John Wolffe from the Open University has prepared a paper on commemorating the dead in World War One; his paper will be read by the Revd Dr Brutus Green and a response will be made by bishop Geoffrey Rowell;
Professor emeritus Grace Davie from the University of Exeter will examine the role of the military chaplain in World War One and more recent conflicts
The former Bishop of Europe Geoffrey Rowell will welcome and introduce the day.
Timetable:
10.00-10.30 Gather and coffee
10.30-10.40 Welcome and introductions
10.40-11.00 Henry Scott Holland (1847-1918) and the Scott Holland Trust
Bishop Geoffrey Rowell
11.00-11.45 ‘Christianity and Nationalism in Nineteenth Century Europe’
Professor Hugh McLeod
11.45-12.00 Questions and comments
12.00-12.40 ‘Martyrs as Really as St Stephen was a Martyr?’ Commemorating the Dead of World War 1
Professor John Wolffe, delivered by the Revd Dr Brutus Green
12.40-12.50 Response from Bishop Geoffrey Rowell
12.50-13.00 Questions and comments
13.00-14.00 Lunch
14.00-14.45 The Military Chaplain: An Inherently Ambiguous Role
Professor Grace Davie
14.45-15.00 Questions and comments
15.00-15.45 Plenary discussion, all participants
15.45 Final comments
Hugh McLeod: Christianity and Nationalism in Nineteenth Century Europe
Nationalism ranks alongside liberalism, conservatism and socialism as one of the most influential ideologies of 19th century Europe. This nationalism took three different, though overlapping forms. There was the nationalism ‘from below’ of the subject nationalities within the multi-national empires which ruled large parts of Europe. There was the nationalism ‘from above’ propagated by the state, especially through the systems of compulsory schooling that were being instituted in most parts of the continent. And there was the drive towards unification in the fragmented states of Germany and Italy. But the ‘imagined community’ (famously defined by Benedict Anderson) could not be created out of nothing. It built upon previously existing identities. And though nineteenth century nationalism is often seen as essentially secular, the most powerful of these identities were frequently religious. Indeed the clergy often played a major role in nationalist organisations and in promoting a national consciousness.
This lecture will explore how nationalism and Christianity came to be intertwined in nineteenth century Europe. National identities were to an important degree defined by reference to specific Christian traditions, their history, their forms of worship, and their heroic figures. At the same time nationalism often came to be seen as an integral part of Christianity. Readiness to die for the Motherland was presented as a Christian duty and, in particular, Christian preachers of this era were strongly influenced by the concept of a God-given national mission, which justified nationalist claims and might sometimes justify war.
John Wolffe: ‘Martyrs as Really as St Stephen was a Martyr?’ Commemorating the Dead of World War One
The title of this lecture comes from a sermon by the Bishop of London, Arthur Winnington-Ingram, preached early in the First World War, reflecting a widespread clerical impulse to frame the memory of the war dead in a Christian context. It will be at the outset contrasted with influential secular nationalist constructions of their sacrifice by Laurence Binyon and others. The main focus of the lecture will, however, be on the steps taken to commemorate the dead in the later stages of the war and its immediate aftermath, especially the circumstances leading to the interment of an Unknown Soldier in Westminster Abbey on Armistice Day 1920, and controversies over the design of cemeteries and headstones that loomed large in the early history of the Imperial (now Commonwealth) War Graves Commission. It will be shown how in the face of significant pressure for secular forms of commemoration, church leaders were successful in securing significant compromises, but in so doing engendered an enduring ambiguity between Christianity and nationalism.
Grace Davie: The military Chaplain: An Inherently Ambiguous Role
This lecture will explore a different sort of ambiguity: that inherent in the role of the military chaplain. It will do this in three ways. The first relates to the extent of religiousness among those serving in World War One, a discussion that reflects in turn broader and at times conflicting narratives about the process of secularization and the place of war in this. The second considers the role of the chaplain in terms of the two institutions which he or she serves. As David Martin writes: the military chaplain is ‘doubly commissioned by Church and State’ (1997:149). It follows that the ‘angle of eschatological tension’ in which a chaplain stands is particularly sharp. There is an inevitable friction between total obedience to the military and proper obedience to God. This is related to a third point: the tension between the pastoral and prophetic role. Chaplains are there to serve people in the circumstances in which they are caught up, including armed conflict. Few would dispute this. The question of ‘morale’ (itself related to ‘moral’) is rather more intractable. If chaplains are enjoined or feel called to sustain morale, are they effectively participating in the military effort – in the sense that they are enhancing the capacity of a unit that sooner or later will be involved in the use of lethal force?
